1

Summary of significant accounting policies

1.1 

Basis of preparation

The consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), the requirements of the South African Companies Act and the regulations of the JSE Limited. The consolidated financial statements have been prepared under the historical cost convention, as modified by the revaluation of available-for-sale financial investments, and financial assets and financial liabilities (including derivative instruments) at fair value through the income statement or the statement of changes in equity. The principal accounting policies used by the group are consistent with those of the previous year, unless otherwise stated.

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with IFRS requires the use of certain critical accounting estimates. It also requires management and the board to exercise its judgment in the process of applying the group's accounting policies. The areas involving a higher degree of judgment or complexity, or areas where assumptions and estimates are significant to the consolidated financial statements, are disclosed in Note 3.

1.2 

Changes in accounting policies

IAS 16 Property, Plant and Equipment
The adoption of IAS16 (revised) requires the group to identify significant components of property, plant and equipment, and to annually reassess the remaining useful lives and residual values of tangible assets at each financial year end. Any reassessment performed is applied prospectively and requires the depreciation charge to be amended for current and future periods only. The group changed the fixed period amortisation for certain assets to the remaining useful lives as the bases for amortisation. The rehabilitation assets have been included in determining the cost of tangible assets. The prospective adoption of this standard has not resulted in a material change in the amortisation charge for the year.

IFRIC 8 Scope of IFRS 2 (Share-based Payments) and AC 503 Accounting for BEE Transactions
Transactions with BEE entities involving the granting or selling of shares at a price less than their fair value are expensed through the income statement as a share-based payment charge. The impact on these financial statements is reflected in the income statement as a BEE compensation charge of R95.3 million in the current year, resulting in a reduction in earnings per share of 145 cents.

The following accounting standards, which are not yet effective, are being assessed prior to adoption by the group:

1.3 

Consolidation

The consolidated financial statements include those of Impala Platinum Holdings Limited, its subsidiaries, associates, joint ventures and special purpose entities.

Subsidiaries
Subsidiary undertakings, are those companies (including special purpose entities) in which the group, directly or indirectly, has an interest of more than one half of the voting rights or otherwise has power to exercise control over the operations. Subsidiaries are consolidated from the date on which effective control is transferred to the group and are no longer consolidated from the date that control ceases.

The purchase method of accounting is used to account for the acquisition of subsidiaries by the group. The cost of an acquisition is measured as the fair value of the assets given, equity instruments issued and liabilities incurred or assumed at the date of exchange, plus costs directly attributable to the acquisition. Identifiable assets acquired and liabilities and contingent liabilities assumed in a business combination are measured initially at their fair values at the acquisition date, irrespective of the extent of any minority interest.

The excess of the cost of acquisition over the fair value of the group’s share of the identifiable net assets acquired is recorded as goodwill. If the cost of acquisition is less than the fair value of the net assets of the subsidiary acquired, the difference is recognised directly in the income statement (Refer Note 1.7).

Inter-company transactions, balances and unrealised gains on transactions between group companies are eliminated. Unrealised losses are also eliminated unless the transaction provides evidence of an impairment of the asset transferred. Accounting policies of subsidiaries have been changed where necessary to ensure consistency with the policies adopted by the group.

Subsidiary undertakings are accounted for at cost less impairment in the company.

Transactions with minorities
Transactions with minorities, where the group already has control over the entity, are accounted for using the 'economic entity model'.

In terms of this accounting model, any surplus or deficit arising from such transactions, compared to the carrying amount of the minorities, is adjusted against other reserves.

Associates
Associates are undertakings in which the group has a long-term interest and over which it exercises significant influence but not control, generally accompanying a shareholding of between 20% and 50% of the voting rights. Investments in associated undertakings are accounted for by the equity method of accounting in the group. The group’s investment in associates includes goodwill (net of any accumulated impairment loss) identified on acquisition (Refer Note 1.7).

The purchase method of accounting is used to account for the acquisition of associates by the group. The cost of an acquisition is measured as the fair value of the assets given, equity instruments issued and liabilities incurred or assumed at the date of exchange, plus costs directly attributable to the acquisition.

Equity accounting involves recognising in the income statement the group's share of the associate's post-acquisition profit or loss for the year, and, recognising in reserves, its share of post-acquisition movements. The cumulative post-acquisition movements are adjusted against the carrying amount of the investment. Dividends received reduce the carrying amount in the investment.

The group's interest in an associate is carried in the balance sheet at an amount that reflects its share of the net assets of the associate and includes the excess or deficit of the purchase price over the fair value of attributable assets of the associate at date of acquisition, net of any accumulated impairment loss. In addition, the carrying value of the investment in foreign associates includes any exchange differences arising on translation.

When the group’s share of losses in an associate equals or exceeds its interest in the associate, including any other unsecured receivables, the group does not recognise further losses, unless it has incurred obligations or made payments on behalf of the associate.

Unrealised gains on transactions between the group and its associates are eliminated to the extent of the group’s interest in the associates. Unrealised losses are also eliminated unless the transaction provides evidence of an impairment of the asset transferred.

Associated undertakings are accounted for at cost less impairment in the company.

Joint ventures
The group’s interest in jointly controlled entities are accounted for by proportionate consolidation. The group combines its share of the joint ventures’ individual income and expenses, assets and liabilities and cash flows on a line-by-line basis with similar items in the group’s financial statements. The group recognises the portion of gains or losses on the sale of assets by the group to the joint venture that is attributable to the other venturers. The group does not recognise its share of profits or losses from the joint venture that result from the purchase of assets by the group from the joint venture until it re-sells the assets to an independent party. However, if a loss on the transaction provides evidence of a reduction in the net realisable value of current assets or an impairment loss, the loss is recognised immediately.

Joint ventures are accounted for at cost less impairment in the company.

Special purpose entities
Special purpose entities (SPEs) are those undertakings that are created to satisfy specific business needs of the group, which has the right to the majority of the benefits of the SPE and/or is exposed to risk inherent to the activities thereof.

SPEs are consolidated in the same manner as subsidiaries when the substance of the relationship indicates that the SPE is controlled by the group.

1.4 

Foreign currency translation

Functional and presentation currency
Items included in the financial statements of each entity in the group are measured using the currency that best reflects the economic substance of the underlying events and circumstances relevant to that entity. The consolidated financial statements are presented in South African Rand, which is the functional and presentation currency of Impala Platinum Holdings Limited.

Group companies
Income statements of foreign subsidiaries, associates and joint ventures are translated into South African Rand at average exchange rates for the year and the assets and liabilities are translated at rates ruling at the balance sheet date. The exchange differences arising on translation of assets and liabilities of foreign subsidiaries and associates are transferred directly to other reserves. On disposal of the foreign entity such translation differences are recognised in the income statement as part of the gain or loss on sale.

Goodwill and fair value adjustments arising on the acquisition of a foreign entity are treated as assets and liabilities of the foreign entity and translated at the closing rate.

Transactions and balances
Foreign currency transactions are accounted for at the rates of exchange ruling at the date of the transaction. Monetary assets and liabilities are translated at year-end exchange rates. Gains and losses arising on settlement of such transactions and from the translation of foreign currency monetary assets and liabilities are recognised in the income statement, except when deferred in equity as qualifying cash flow hedges or qualifying net investment hedges.

Translation differences on non-monetary items, such as equities held at fair value through profit or loss, are reported as part of the fair value gain or loss. Translation differences on non-monetary items, such as equities classified as available-for-sale financial assets, are included in the fair value reserve in equity.

1.5 

Property, plant and equipment

Property, plant and equipment are recorded at cost less accumulated amortisation and less any accumulated impairment losses. Pre-production expenditure, including evaluation costs, incurred to establish or expand productive capacity, to support and maintain that productive capacity incurred on mines, is capitalised to property plant and equipment. The recognition of costs in the carrying amount of an asset ceases when the item is in the location and condition necessary to operate as intended by management. Any net income earned while the item is not yet capable of operating as intended reduces the capitalised amount. Interest on borrowings, specifically to finance the establishment of mining assets, is capitalised during the construction phase.

The cost model is applied to value changes in the existing environmental rehabilitation obligation resulting from changes in estimates which are capitalised to the cost of the related asset during the current period. Any decrease in the cost of the asset is limited to its carrying amount and an increase to the cost of an asset is tested for impairment when there is an indication of impairment. These assets are depreciated over their useful lives.

Subsequent costs are included in the asset's carrying amount only when it is probable that future economic benefits associated with the item will flow to the group and the cost of the item can be reliably measured. All other repairs and maintenance are charged to the income statement during the financial period in which they are incurred.

Assets are not depreciated while the residual value equals or exceeds the carrying value of the asset. Amortisation is calculated on net of cost less residual value. Amortisation methods and amortisation rates are applied consistently within each asset class except where significant individual assets have been identified which have different amortisation patterns. Residual values are reviewed at least annually. Amortisation is not adjusted retrospectively for changes in the residual amount.

Original and planned investigation undertaken with the prospect of gaining new scientific or technical knowledge and understanding, is classified as research and written off immediately. The application of research findings or other knowledge to a plan or design for the production of new or substantially improved materials, devices, products, processes, systems or services before the start of commercial production or use is classified as development and capitalised if the technical feasibility of the project has been determined.

Other assets consist of furniture and fittings, information technology equipment, software development and vehicles.

Shafts, mining development and infrastructure
Individual mining assets are amortised using the units-of-production method based on their respective estimated economically recoverable proved and probable mineral reserves, limited to the life of mine.

Metallurgical and refining assets
Metallurgical and refining assets are amortised using the units of production method based on the expected estimated economically recoverable proved and probable mineral reserves to be concentrated or refined by that asset.

Land, buildings and general infrastructure (including housing and mineral rights)
Assets in this category, excluding land which is not depreciated, are depreciated over life of mine using the units of production method and the economically recoverable proved and probable mineral reserves.
 

1.6 

Exploration for and evaluation of mineral resources

1.7 

Goodwill

Goodwill represents the excess of the cost of an acquisition over the fair value of the group’s share of the net identifiable assets of the acquired subsidiary/associate at the date of acquisition. Goodwill on acquisitions of subsidiaries is included in intangible assets. Goodwill on acquisitions of associates is included in investments in associates. Goodwill is tested annually for impairment and carried at cost less accumulated impairment loss. Gains and losses on the disposal of an entity include the carrying amount of goodwill relating to the entity sold.

Goodwill is allocated to cash-generating units for the purpose of impairment testing (Refer Note 1.8).

1.8 

Impairment of assets

Assets that have an indefinite useful life which are not subject to amortisation, are tested annually for impairment. Assets that are subject to amortisation are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be recoverable. Assets are considered to be impaired when the higher of the assets' fair value less cost to sell and its value in use is less than the carrying amount.

The recoverability of the long-lived assets is reviewed by management on a regular basis, based on estimates of future discounted cash flows. These estimates are subject to risks and uncertainties including future metal prices and exchange rates. It is therefore possible that changes could occur which may affect the recoverability of the mining assets. The recoverable amounts of non-mining assets are determined by reference to market values. Where the recoverable amount is less than the carrying amount, the impairment is charged against income to reduce the carrying amount to the recoverable amount of the asset. The revised carrying amounts are amortised over the remaining lives of such affected assets. For the purposes of assessing impairment, assets are grouped at the lowest levels for which there are separately identifiable cash flows (cash-generating units).

An impairment previously recognised will be reversed when changes in circumstances that have an impact on estimates occurred after the impairment was recognised. The reversal of an impairment will be limited to the lower of the newly calculated recoverable amount or the book value that would have existed if the impairment was not recognised. The reversal of an impairment is recognised in the income statement.

1.9 

Investments

The group classifies its investments in the following categories: financial assets held for trading at fair value through profit and loss, loans and receivables, held-to-maturity investments, and available-for-sale financial assets. The classification is dependent on the purpose for which the investments were acquired. Management determines the classification of its investments at the time of the purchase and re-evaluates such designation on a regular basis. Purchases and sales of investments are recognised on the trade date – the date on which the group commits to purchase or sell the asset. Investments are initially recognised at fair value plus transaction costs. Investments are derecognised when the rights to receive cash flows from the investments have expired or have been transferred and the group has transferred substantially all risks and rewards of ownership.

Financial assets held for trading at fair value through profit and loss
Investments that are acquired principally for the purpose of generating a profit from short-term fluctuations in price are classified as financial assets held for trading at fair value through profit and loss and are included in current assets.

Loans and receivables
Loans and receivables are non-derivative financial assets with fixed or determinable payments that are not quoted in an active market. They arise when the group provides money, goods or services directly to a debtor with no intention of trading the receivable. They are included in current assets, except for those with maturities greater than 12 months after the balance sheet date. These are classified as non-current assets. Loans and receivables are included in trade and other receivables in the balance sheet (Refer Note 1.15). Loans and receivables are subsequently carried at amortised cost using the effective interest method less any accumulated impairment loss.

Held-to-maturity investments
Held-to-maturity investments are non-derivative financial assets with fixed or determinable payments and fixed maturities that the group’s management has the positive intention and ability to hold to maturity, and are included in non-current assets, except for those with maturities within 12 months from the balance sheet date which are classified as current assets. Held to maturity investments are subsequently carried at amortised cost using the effective interest method less any accumulated impairment loss.

Available-for-sale financial assets
Available-for-sale financial assets are non-derivatives that are either designated in this category or not classified in any of the other categories. They are included in non-current assets unless management intends to dispose of the investment within 12 months of the balance sheet date. Available-for-sale financial assets are subsequently carried at fair value. Unrealised gains and losses arising from changes in the fair value of non-monetary securities classified as available-for-sale are recognised in equity. When securities classified as available-for-sale are sold or impaired, the accumulated fair value adjustments are included in the income statement as gains and losses from investment securities.

The fair values of listed investments are based on current closing market prices. If the market for a financial asset is not active (and for unlisted securities), the group establishes fair value by using valuation techniques. These include the use of recent arm’s length transactions, reference to other instruments that are substantially the same, discounted cash flow analysis, and option pricing models refined to reflect the issuer’s specific circumstances.

The group assesses at each balance sheet date whether there is objective evidence that a financial asset or a group of financial assets is impaired. In the case of equity securities classified as available for sale, a significant or prolonged decline in the fair value of the security below its cost is considered in determining whether the securities are impaired. If any such evidence exists for available-for-sale financial assets, the cumulative loss – measured as the difference between the acquisition cost and the current fair value, less any impairment loss on that financial asset previously recognised in profit or loss – is removed from equity and recognised in the income statement. Impairment losses recognised in the income statement on equity instruments are reversed through the income statement.

1.10 

Cash and cash equivalents 

1.11 

Leases

Leases where the lessee assumes substantially all of the benefits and risks of ownership are classified as finance leases. Finance leases are capitalised at the lower of the estimated present value of the underlying lease payments and the fair value of the asset. Each lease payment is allocated between the liability and finance charges so as to achieve a constant rate on the balance outstanding. The corresponding rental obligations, net of finance charges, are included in other long-term and short-term payables respectively. The interest element is expensed to the income statement, as a finance charge, over the lease period.

The property, plant and equipment acquired under finance leasing contracts is amortised in terms of the group accounting policy limited to the lease contract term (Refer Note 1.5).

Leases of assets under which substantially all the benefits and risks of ownership are effectively retained by the lessor are classified as operating leases. Payments made under operating leases are charged to the income statement in the period in which they occur. When an operating lease is terminated before the lease period has expired, any payment required to be made to the lessor by way of penalty is recognised as an expense in the period in which termination takes place.

1.12 

Inventories

Metal inventories
Platinum, palladium and rhodium are treated as main products and other platinum group and base metals produced as byproducts. Metals mined by the group, including in-process metal contained in matte produced by the smelter and precious metal concentrate in the base and precious metal refineries, are valued at the lower of average cost of production and fair value less cost to complete and sell. Quantities of in-process metals are based on latest available assays. The average cost of production is taken as total costs incurred on mining and refining, including amortisation, less net revenue from the sale of by-products, allocated to main products on a units produced basis. Refined by-products are valued at their fair value less cost to sell. Stocks of metals purchased or recycled by the group are valued at the lower of cost or fair value less cost to sell.

Stores and materials
Stores and materials are valued at the lower of cost or net realisable value, on a weighted average basis. Obsolete, redundant and slow moving stores are identified and written down to net realisable values. Net realisable value is the estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business, less selling expenses.

1.13 

Financial instruments

Financial instruments carried on the balance sheet include money market instruments, investments, receivables, trade creditors, metal leases, borrowings and forward commitments.

The group participates in financial instruments that reduce risk exposure to foreign currency and future metal price fluctuations. The recognition methods adopted are disclosed in the individual policy statements associated with each item.

1.14 

Derivative financial instruments

Metal futures, options and lease contracts are entered into from time to time to preserve and enhance future revenue streams. Forward exchange contracts are entered into to hedge anticipated future transactions.

Derivative financial instruments are initially recognised in the balance sheet at cost and subsequently remeasured at fair value. The method of recognising the resulting gain or loss is dependant on the nature of the item being hedged. On the date that the derivative contract is entered into, the group designates derivatives as either a hedge of the fair value of a recognised asset, liability, or a firm commitment (fair value hedge) or hedge of a forecasted transaction (cash flow hedge).

Changes in the fair value of derivatives that are designated and qualify as cash flow hedges and that are highly effective are recognised in equity. Changes in the fair value of derivatives that are designated as fair value hedges are recognised in the income statement.

Certain derivative transactions, while providing effective economic hedges under group's risk management policies, do not qualify for hedge accounting. Changes in the fair value of any such derivative instruments are recognised immediately in the income statement.

1.15 

Trade receivables

1.16 

Borrowings

Borrowings are recognised initially at fair value, net of transaction costs incurred. Borrowings are subsequently stated at amortised cost; any difference between the proceeds (net of transaction costs) and the redemption value is recognised in the income statement over the period of the borrowings using the effective interest method.

Borrowing costs are charged to finance costs in the income statement. When borrowings are utilised to fund qualifying capital expenditure, such borrowings costs that are directly attributable to the capital expenditure are capitalised from the point at which the capital expenditure and related borrowing cost are incurred until completion of construction.

1.17 

Provisions 

1.18 

Environmental rehabilitation obligations

These long-term obligations result from environmental disturbances associated with the group's mining operations. Estimates are determined by independent environmental specialists in accordance with environmental regulations.

Rehabilitation costs
The net present value of future rehabilitation cost estimates as at year-end is recognised and provided for in full in the financial statements. The estimates are reviewed annually to take into account the effects of changes in the estimates. Discount rates that reflect the time value of money are utilised in calculating the present value.

Changes in the measurement of the liability, apart from unwinding the discount, which is recognised in the income statement as a finance cost, is capitalised to the environmental rehabilitation asset (Refer Note 1.5).

Ongoing rehabilitation cost
The cost of the ongoing current programmes to prevent and control pollution is charged against income as incurred.

Impala Pollution, Rehabilitation and Closure Trust Fund
Contributions are made to this trust fund, created in accordance with statutory requirements, to provide for the estimated cost of rehabilitation during and at the end of the life of Impala Platinum Limited's mines. Income earned on monies paid to the trust is accounted for as investment income. The trust investments are included under held-to-maturity-investments.

The group has control over the trust and it is consolidated as a special purpose entity.

1.19 

Employee benefits

Defined benefit and defined contribution retirement plans
The group operates or participates in a number of defined benefit and defined contribution retirement plans for its employees. The pension plans are funded by payments from the employees and by the relevant group companies and contributions to these funds are expensed as incurred. The assets of the different plans are held by independently managed trust funds. These funds are governed by either the South African Pension Fund Act of 1956 or Zimbabwean law. The defined benefit plans are multi-employer plans, where sufficient information is not available to account for them as defined benefit plans; they are in substance accounted for as defined contribution plans. Defined benefit plans are subject to actuarial valuations at intervals of no more than three years.

Post-employment medical obligations
The group provides post-retirement healthcare benefits to qualifying employees and retirees. The expected costs of these benefits are accrued over the period of employment. Valuations of these obligations are carried out annually by independent qualified actuaries. Actuarial gains or losses as a result of these valuations, are recognised in the income statement as incurred.

Termination benefits
Termination benefits are payable when employment is terminated before the normal retirement date, or whenever an employee accepts voluntary redundancy in exchange for these benefits. The group recognises termination benefits when it is demonstrably committed to either terminating the employment of current employees according to a detailed formal plan without possibility of withdrawal or providing termination benefits as a result of an offer made to encourage voluntary redundancy. Benefits falling due more than 12 months after balance sheet date are discounted to present value.

Bonus plans
The group recognises a liability and an expense for bonuses based on a formula that takes into consideration production and safety performance. The group recognises a provision where contractually obliged or where there is a past practice that has created a constructive obligation.

Share-based payments
Equity-settled share option incentive scheme
The group's share option plan provides for the granting of options to key employees who are able to purchase shares in the holding company at a price equal to the average market price of the five trading days preceding the trading day preceding the date upon which the Remuneration Committee approved the granting of the options.

The scheme is administrated through the Impala Share Incentive Trust. Shares are issued to the trust as required. Employees are entitled to exercise their options at the option price.

The maximum number of share options outstanding in terms of the share scheme may not exceed 3.5% of the issued share capital of Impala Platinum Holdings Limited.

Vesting of options first occurs two years after the granting of the options, limited to a maximum of 25% of the total options granted. In subsequent years an additional 25% vests per year. All outstanding options expire 10 years from the date of granting the options.

Cash-settled share appreciation rights scheme
The group allocates to selected executives and employees notional shares in the holding company. These notional shares will confer the conditional right on a participant to be paid a cash bonus equal to the appreciation in the share price from the date of allocation to the date of surrender of the notional share. Notional shares are first surrenderable after two years of allocation to a maximum of 25% of the allocation. In subsequent years an additional 25% becomes surrenderable per year. All outstanding notional shares becomes surrenderable 10 years from date of allocation.

Measurement
Equity-settled share option incentive scheme
The fair value of the employee services received in exchange for the grant of options is recognised as an expense. The total amount to be expensed over the vesting period is determined with reference to the fair value of the options granted on grant date and is expensed on a straight line basis over the vesting period. The fair value is determined by using the Binomial option valuation model and assumptions used to determine the fair value is detailed in Note 3. At each balance sheet date, the entity revises its estimates of the number of options expected to become exercisable. It recognises the impact of the revision of original estimates, if any, in the income statement and a corresponding adjustment to equity, over the remaining vesting period.

Cash-settled compensation plans
The fair value of employee services received in exchange for the allocation of notional shares are recognised as an expense. A liability equal to the portion of the services received is determined and recognised at each balance sheet date. The Binomial option valuation model is used to determine the fair value and the assumptions are detailed in Note 3.

1.20 

Deferred income tax

Deferred income tax is provided in full, using the liability method, on temporary differences arising between the tax bases of assets and liabilities and their carrying amounts in the consolidated financial statements. However, if the deferred income tax arises from initial recognition of an asset or liability in a transaction other than a business combination that at the time of the transaction affects neither accounting nor taxable profit or loss, it is not accounted for. Deferred income tax is determined using tax rates (and laws) that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the balance sheet date and are expected to apply when the related deferred income tax asset is realised or the deferred income tax liability is settled.

Deferred income tax assets are recognised to the extent that it is probable that future taxable profit will be available against which the temporary differences can be utilised.

Deferred income tax is provided on temporary differences arising on investments in subsidiaries and associates, except where the timing of the reversal of the temporary difference is controlled by the group and it is probable that the temporary difference will not reverse in the foreseeable future. Deferred income tax assets and deferred income tax liabilities of the same taxable entity are offset when they relate to taxes levied by the same taxation authority and the entity has a legally enforceable right to set off current tax assets against current tax liabilities.

The principal temporary differences arise from amortisation and depreciation on property, plant and equipment, provisions, post-retirement medical benefits, tax losses carried forward and fair value adjustments on assets acquired from business combinations.

1.21 

Revenue recognition 

Revenue comprises the fair value in respect of the sale of metals produced and metals purchased and toll income received by the group. Revenue is recognised when the risks and rewards of ownership, net of sales taxes and discounts, are transferred.

Sales of metals mined and metals purchased
Sales are recognised when a group entity has delivered products to the customer and collectibility of the related receivables is reasonably assured.

Toll income
Toll refining income is recognised at date of declaration or dispatch of metal from the refinery in accordance with the relevant agreements with customers.

Interest income
Interest income is recognised on a time-proportion basis using the effective interest method. Interest income on impaired loans is recognised either as cash is collected or on a cost–recovery basis as conditions warrant.

Dividend income
Dividend income is recognised at the accrual date when the shareholder's right to receive payment is established.

Government assistance
Government assistance is accounted for by applying the income approach and recognised through profit and loss on an accrual basis, in as far as the conditions attached to such assistance will be met.

1.22 

Segment reporting

A business segment is a group of assets and operations engaged in providing products or services that are subject to risks and returns that are different from those of other business segments. A geographical segment is engaged in providing products or services within a particular economic environment that are subject to risks and returns that are different from those of segments operating in other economic environments.

The group is an integrated PGM and associated base metal producer. On a primary basis, the business segments are: 

1.23 

Dividend distribution

1.24 

BEE transactions

This accounting policy relates to transactions where the group grants or sells equity instruments to people as defined in the context of empowerment in terms of the Broad-Based Black Economic Empowerment Act No 53 of 2003. The difference between the fair value and the selling price of the equity instruments granted or sold is accounted for as an expense through the income statement as a share-based compensation charge.

The fair value of the equity instruments is determined using the main assumptions as described in paragraph 3 'Critical accounting estimates and judgements for impairment of assets’.

2 

Financial risk management

2.1 

Financial risk factors

The group’s activities expose it to a variety of financial risks: market risk (including currency risk, fair value interest risk and price risk), credit risk, liquidity risk and cash flow interest-rate risk. The group’s overall risk management programme focuses on the unpredictability of financial markets and seeks to minimise potential adverse effects on the group’s financial performance. The group, from time to time, uses derivative financial instruments to hedge certain risk exposures.

Risk management is carried out by a central treasury department (group treasury/hedging committee) under policies approved by the board of directors, which identifies, evaluates and hedges financial risks in close co-operation with the group’s operating units. The risk committee approves written principles for overall risk management, as well as written policies covering specific areas, such as foreign exchange risk, interest-rate risk, credit risk, use of derivative financial instruments and non-derivative financial instruments, and investing excess liquidity.

2.1.1 

Market risk

Foreign exchange risk
The group operates internationally and is exposed to foreign exchange risk arising from various currency exposures, primarily with respect to the US dollar. Foreign exchange risk arises from future commercial transactions, recognised assets and liabilities and net investments in foreign operations.

To manage foreign exchange risk arising from future commercial transactions, recognised assets and liabilities, the group, from time to time, uses forward contracts within board approval limits. Group treasury/hedging committee is responsible for managing the net position in each foreign currency.

Securities price risk
The group is exposed to equity securities price risk because of investments held by the group and classified on the consolidated balance sheet as available-for-sale financial assets. Group treasury continually monitors this exposure.

Commodity price risk
The group is exposed to fluctuations in metal prices. From time to time, the group enters into metal forward sales contracts, options or lease contracts to manage the fluctuations in metal prices, thereby preserving and enhancing its revenue streams.

2.1.2 

Credit risk

The group has no significant concentrations of credit risk. It has policies in place to ensure that sales of products are made to customers with an appropriate credit history. The group has policies that limit the amount of credit exposure to any single financial institution.

The potential concentration of credit risk consists mainly of cash and cash equivalents, trade debtors and other receivables.

The group limits its counter party exposures from its money market investment operations by only dealing with well-established financial institutions of high quality credit standing. The credit exposure to any one counter party is managed by setting exposure limits which are reviewed regularly by the board of directors.

The group is exposed to credit-related losses in the event of non-performance by counter parties to derivative instruments. The counter parties to these contracts are major financial institutions. The group continually monitors its positions and the credit ratings of its counter parties and limits the amount of contracts it enters into with any one party.

Trade debtors comprise a number of customers, dispersed across different geographical areas. Regular credit evaluations are performed on the financial condition of these and other receivables. Trade debtors are presented net of the allowance for impairment.

2.1.3 

Interest rate risk

2.1.4 

Liquidity risk

Prudent liquidity risk management implies maintaining sufficient cash and cash equivalents, the availability of funding through an adequate amount of committed credit facilities and the ability to close out market positions. Due to the dynamic nature of the underlying businesses, group treasury/hedging committee aims to maintain flexibility in funding by keeping committed credit lines available.

2.2 

Accounting for derivative financial instruments and hedging activities 

2.3 

Fair value estimation

The fair value of financial instruments traded in active markets is based on quoted market prices at the balance sheet date. The listed market price used for financial assets held by the group is the current bid price; the appropriate quoted market price for financial liabilities is the current ask price.

The fair value of forward foreign exchange contracts is determined using forward exchange market rates at the balance sheet date.

The nominal value less estimated credit adjustments of trade receivables and payables are assumed to approximate their fair values. The fair value of financial liabilities for disclosure purposes is estimated by discounting the future contractual cash flows at the current market interest rate that is available to the group for similar financial instruments.

The carrying amounts of financial asset and liabilities approximate their fair values.

3

Critical accounting estimates and judgements

The group makes estimates and assumptions concerning the future. The estimates and assumptions that have a significant risk of causing a material adjustment to the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities within the next financial year are discussed below.

Impairment of assets
The group tests whether assets have suffered any impairment, in accordance with the accounting policy stated in Note 1.8. The recoverable amounts of cash-generating units have been derived from value-in-use calculations, or fair value less cost to sell. These calculations require the use of estimates of future commodity prices and exchange rates. Estimates are based on management's interpretation of market forecasts.

The main assumptions include:

Changes to these assumptions contributed to the reversal of an impairment provision (refer Note 5).

Provisions
Provisions for post-retirement medical liability and future rehabilitation cost have been determined, based on calculations which require the use of estimates (Notes 17, 18).

Post-employment medical benefits
Actuarial parameters used by independent valuators assume 6.37% (2005: 5.88%) as the long-term medical inflation rate and an 8.5% (2005: 8.0%) risk free interest rate corresponding to the yields on long-dated high-quality bonds.

Future rehabilitation obligation
The net present value of current rehabilitation estimates is based on the assumption of a long-term real interest rate of 4.0% (2005: 4.0%)

Share-based payments
The measurement of the fair value of employee services received as consideration for equity instruments of the company, is calculated using the Binomial option pricing model. The average inputs into this model are as follows:
 

Segment reporting

Capital expenditure comprises additions to property, plant and equipment (Note 5), including additions 

5 

Property, plant and equipment 

10

Inventories

12

Cash and cash equivalents

15

Borrowings