| |
Platinum |
Palladium |
Rhodium |
| Automotive |
Catalyst to control exhaust emissions
Spark plug tips
Oxygen sensors in vehicle on-board diagnostic systems |
Catalyst to control exhaust emissions (particularly hydrocarbon control)
Oxygen sensors in vehicle on-board diagnostic systems |
Catalyst to control exhaust emissions (essential for Nox control) |
| Investment |
Small/large bars, coins, ETFs (exchange traded funds) |
Coins, ETFs (exchange traded funds) |
|
| Jewellery |
Fabrication |
Fabrication
Alloying agent platinum jewellery
Whitening agent in production of white gold |
Electroplating to give jewellery white finish |
| Fuel Cells |
Electrode coating in fuel cell stack
Fuel-processing catalyst
Tailgas burner |
Tailgas burner |
Fuel-processing catalyst |
| Petroleum |
Reforming and isomerisation for upgrading octane quality |
Hydrocracking to achieve higher yields |
|
|
Platinum |
Palladium |
Rhodium |
| Chemical |
Gauze for catalytic production of nitric acid
Process catalyst for producing bulk (PTA) and specialty chemicals (eg silicones) |
Catchment gauze to recover Pt and Rh in nitric acid production
Process catalysts |
Process catalysts, eg production of ammonia (Kellogg process) |
| Dental |
Hardener in dental alloys |
Alloying agent |
|
| Electronics |
Alloy coating for hard disks to improve storage capacity
Thermocouples to monitor temperature in steel, semi-conductor and glass industries |
Conductive paste in multi-layer ceramic chip capacitators
Conductive tracks of hybrid integrated circuits
Salts for plating process |
Alloyed with platinum in thermocouples |
| Glass |
Production of LCD glass
Bushings for producing glass fibre
Specialty glasses
Glass for TVs, monitors and cathode ray tubes
Glass substrates for hard disks |
|
Alloyed with platinum in producing LCD glass
Alloyed with platinum in bushings |